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| ORIGINAL ARTICLES |
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| Year : 2022 | Volume
: 12
| Issue : 2 | Page : 12-16 |
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Fibreoptic laryngoscopic assessment of patients with hoarseness: A cross-sectional analysis
Auwal Adamu1, Emmanuel Sara Kolo2, Abdulrazak Ajiya2, Ahmad Mahmud3, Iliyasu Yunusa Shuaibu4, Onyekwere George B Nwaorgu5
1 Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University Teaching Hospital/Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University Bauchi, Yelwa, Nigeria
2 Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital/Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria
3 Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Federal Medical Centre Yola/College of Medicine Modibbo Adama University, Yola, Nigeria
4 Department of Surgery, Division of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria/Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria
5 Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University College Hospital Ibadan/College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| Date of Submission | 27-Feb-2022 |
| Date of Acceptance | 19-May-2022 |
| Date of Web Publication | 29-Aug-2022 |
Correspondence Address:
Dr. Auwal Adamu
Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University Teaching Hospital/Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University Bauchi
Nigeria
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | 1 |
DOI: 10.4103/jwas.jwas_75_22
Background: Hoarseness is a common clinical manifestation of laryngeal diseases. The cause of hoarseness may not always be a simple inflammatory disease, but it can be from other serious life-threatening conditions such as laryngeal cancer, for which a delay in diagnosis of such condition may compromise treatment, resulting in poor prognosis and a decreased survival rate. Against this background, we evaluated the causes of hoarseness using fibreoptic laryngoscopy in our environment. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of patients with hoarseness attending ENT clinic of our institution. Ethical clearance and consent were obtained. A questionnaire was used to collect relevant clinical data, fibreoptic laryngoscopy was carried out, and the data was analysed using the Statistical Products and Service Solution version 20.0. Results: The study recruited 90 patients with hoarseness. The age of the patients ranged between 18 and 70 years with a mean of 40.1 ± 14.8 years. There were 51 (56.7%) males and 39 (43.3%) females. About 46 (51.2%) of the patients had intermittent hoarseness, whereas 44 (48.8%) had persistent hoarseness. Most of the patients, 49 (54.4%), had hoarseness for less than 6 months before presentation. The fibreoptic laryngoscopic findings were non-specific laryngitis 49 (54.5%), laryngeal tumor 20 (22.2%), vocal cord polyp 7 (7.7%), laryngeal papilloma 6 (6.7%), vocal cord palsy 5 (5.6%), and others 3 (3.3%). Conclusion: Laryngeal tumour constituted a significant percentage of fibreoptic laryngoscopic findings in patients with hoarseness after nonspecific laryngitis. Therefore, fibreoptic laryngoscopy is recommended for all patients with hoarseness in order to detect sinister pathology early. Keywords: Aetiology, fibreoptic laryngoscopy, hoarseness, laryngeal tumour
How to cite this article:
Adamu A, Kolo ES, Ajiya A, Mahmud A, Shuaibu IY, Nwaorgu OG. Fibreoptic laryngoscopic assessment of patients with hoarseness: A cross-sectional analysis. J West Afr Coll Surg 2022;12:12-6 |
How to cite this URL:
Adamu A, Kolo ES, Ajiya A, Mahmud A, Shuaibu IY, Nwaorgu OG. Fibreoptic laryngoscopic assessment of patients with hoarseness: A cross-sectional analysis. J West Afr Coll Surg [serial online] 2022 [cited 2023 Jun 6];12:12-6. Available from: https://jwacs-jcoac.com/text.asp?2022/12/2/12/354921 |
| Introduction | |  |
Hoarseness is a common clinical manifestation of laryngeal diseases that result from structural or functional abnormalities of the vocal folds. The prevalence of hoarseness is high; a lifetime prevalence of 28.8% has been reported among the general population in the United States.[1] Hoarseness is also a common condition in Nigeria as reported by several workers among different study populations: A prevalence of 5.6% was seen among patients attending ear, nose, and throat (ENT) clinic in Ile-Ife,[2] 15.79% among asthmatic patients in Benin City,[3] and up to 42% among primary school teachers in Lagos.[4] Similarly, a high prevalence of 62.2% was reported among secondary school teachers in Ogun,[5] and 66.7% was documented among patients with acute laryngeal obstruction in Ilorin.[6] In addition, hoarseness was also reported to be the commonest mode of presentation of laryngeal cancer in Port Harcourt,[7] Ile-Ife,[8] Jos,[9] and Sokoto.[10]
The aetiology of hoarseness may not always be a self-limiting inflammatory disease but can be from other serious life-threatening conditions such as laryngeal cancer, for which a delay in the diagnosis of such condition may compromise treatment, resulting in a poor prognosis and a decreased survival rate.[11] To avoid these untoward outcomes, laryngoscopy may be required so as to establish the underlying diagnosis early. Other advantage of early laryngoscopy includes avoiding missed or delayed diagnoses, reducing patient anxiety, and initiating appropriate treatment or referral.[12] Some authors have recommended that comprehensive assessment of patients with hoarseness requires visualisation of the larynx.[13],[14] Various methods of visualisation of the larynx have been reported in the literature, such as indirect laryngoscopy, direct laryngoscopy, and fibreoptic laryngoscopy. Indirect laryngoscopy provides a limited view of the larynx; hidden areas of the larynx are difficult to visualise; and an excessive gag reflex or overhanging epiglottis may obscure a clear view of the larynx.[15] Therefore, a significant laryngeal pathology could be missed. Direct laryngoscopy, on the other hand, requires general anaesthesia, which needs patient’s fitness, other investigations, theatre space, and hospital admission, and there may be possible risk associated with surgery and general anaesthesia.[16] As such, the cost of direct laryngoscopy was reported to be substantially higher than that of office-based fibreoptic laryngoscopy.[17] Fibreoptic laryngoscopy is a very effective diagnostic and therapeutic tool. It is simple, fast, less invasive, gives real-time and high definition view of the larynx. It enables the assessment of vocal cord mobility and can be performed under local anaesthesia in an outpatient setting.[18] Against this background, this study is aimed at evaluating the cause of hoarseness using fibreoptic laryngoscopy in our environment.
| Materials and Methods | | |
This was a cross-sectional study conducted at the ENT clinic of Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, between March 2019 and February 2020. Ethical approval was obtained from the institution’s Research and Ethics Committees with protocol number: NHREC/21/08/2008/AKTH/EC/2467. Informed consent was obtained from each study participant. The participants included in the study were patients with hoarseness aged ≥18 years who presented at the institution’s ENT clinic within the study period. Patients excluded from the study were those who had laryngeal surgery or tracheostomy previously, patients with nasal, nasopharyngeal, or oropharyngeal tumours, patients with bleeding disorders, and uncooperative patients. An interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to collect relevant clinical data on demographic variables, nature and duration of hoarseness, history of other symptoms and comorbidities, and fibreoptic laryngoscopic findings.
The fibreoptic laryngoscopy was carried out according to standard procedure.[19] Anterior rhinoscopy was carried out using an appropriate sized Thudicum nasal speculum and a bright illuminating headlamp to identify the most capacious nasal cavity, and to confirm the absence of gross nasal pathology. Patients with gross pathology that could prevent passage of the fibreoptic scope were excluded from the study. Nasal secretions and crusts were suctioned out. Topical anaesthetic agent (10% xylocaine) was sprayed into the nasal cavity and the throat to ease the procedure. Additionally, 0.5% xylometazoline nasal spray was applied to the nose of the participants with engorged inferior turbinates. Five minutes were given for xylocaine and/or xylometazoline to take effect. The procedure was carried out in the endoscopy room of the ENT clinic, where there are materials for resuscitation in case of vagal reflex or reaction to the local anaesthetic agent. Sterile fibreoptic laryngoscope (Medtronic Xomed, FL, USA; model no: 68E3566M, diameter: 2.7 mm) was used for the procedure. The laryngoscope was lubricated using KY jelly and defogged by wiping the tip of the scope with cotton wool soaked with Savlon. The tip of the scope was passed into the most capacious nasal cavity along the nasal floor to the nasopharynx. The tip of the scope was then turned inferiorly, and the patient was asked to inspire gently to retract the soft palate anteriorly. The scope was advanced gently to visualise the surrounding structures such as the postcricoid area, pyriform sinuses, lateral and posterior hypopharyngeal walls, and pre-epiglottic space. The endolaryngeal structures such as the epiglottis, aryepiglottic folds, ventricular folds, and vocal cords were examined in detail, and any pathology seen was noted. The mobility of the vocal cords during respiration and phonation was also examined, and the findings were recorded.
For the purpose of this study, clinical history, examination and laryngeal findings were interpreted as follows: (1) Acute laryngitis was defined as hoarseness with or without symptoms of upper respiratory tract infection of less than 3 weeks, and fibreoptic laryngoscopic findings of diffuse hyperemia of the larynx. (2) Chronic laryngitis was defined as hoarseness lasting for more than 3 weeks with history of voice abuse or misuse, and fibreoptic laryngoscopic findings of diffuse hyperemia/edema of the larynx and thickening of the vocal cords. (3) Gastroesophageal reflux disease was defined as history of regurgitation associated with hoarseness in a peptic disease ulcer patient, and fibreoptic laryngoscopic findings of diffuse edema of the poscricoid area with hyperemia, edema or thickening of the vocal cords. (4) Vocal cord nodule was defined as fibreoptic laryngoscopic findings of solitary sessile nodule on the anterior one-third of one or both vocal cords, and history of hoarseness with or without voice abuse or misuse. (5) Vocal cord polyp was defined as fibreoptic laryngoscopic findings of solitary pale pedunculated polyp on one vocal cord, anterior or posterior commissure, with history of persistent hoarseness (6) Vocal cord palsy was defined as persistent hoarseness, and fibreoptic laryngoscopic findings of decreased or complete absence of mobility of one or both vocal cords. (7) Laryngeal papilloma was defined as history of persistent hoarseness with fibreoptic laryngoscopic findings of multiple or solitary glistening grape-like growth involving the larynx. (8) Laryngeal tumour was defined as persistent/unremitting hoarseness with history of smoking/alcohol ingestion, and fibreoptic laryngoscopic findings of irregular fleshy friable mass involving the larynx.
The data obtained was analysed using Statistical Products and Service Solution version 20.0 for windows (IBM Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Descriptive statistics were performed, and results were presented using frequencies, percentages, mean, and standard deviation. Chi-square test was used to determine the relationship between the variables.
| Results | | |
There were 90 participants, comprised of 51 (56.7%) males and 39 (43.3%) females. The age of the participants ranged between 18 and 70 years with a mean of 40.1 ± 14.8. Out of the 90 participants, 27 (30.0%) smoked cigarette, whereas 10 (11.1%) had a history of alcohol intake. None of the participants had a history of exposure to radiation or industrial chemicals.
About 46 (51.2%) of the patients had intermittent hoarseness while 44 (48.8%) had persistent unremitting hoarseness. [Table 1] shows the duration of hoarseness before presentation. Most of the patients, 49 (54.4%), had hoarseness for < 6 months before presentation. In addition to hoarseness, the participants also presented with other symptoms such as dyspnea in 21 (23.3%), cough in 21 (23.3%), dysphagia in 13 (14.4%), and neck swelling in 12 (13.3%), and a history of regurgitation at night in 16 (17.8%) of the patients. The distribution of comorbidities among the participants has been shown in [Table 2]. Peptic ulcer disease was the most common comorbidity among the participants (23.3%); other comorbidities were hypertension (10.0%), diabetes mellitus (7.8%), and asthma (5.6%).
The distribution of fibreoptic laryngoscopic findings is shown in [Table 3]. Nonspecific laryngitis (including vocal cord nodule) was the commonest finding, 49 (54.5%), followed by laryngeal tumours in 20 patients (22.2%). The nonspecific laryngitis comprised of acute laryngitis, chronic laryngitis, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), and vocal nodule. This study found no statistical significant difference between males and females in terms of fibreoptic findings (P = 0.06) as shown in [Table 4]. [Figure 1] and [Figure 2] show fibreoptic laryngoscopic pictures of laryngeal tumour and vocal cord nodules, respectively.  | Table 4: Distribution of fibreoptic laryngoscopic findings based on gender
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 | Figure 1: Fibreoptic laryngoscopic picture showing laryngeal tumour more prominent on the right hemilarynx
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 | Figure 2: Fibreoptic laryngoscopic picture showing bilateral vocal cord nodules
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| Discussion | | |
The age of patients with hoarseness in this study ranged between 18 and 70 years with a mean of 40.1 ± 14.8. This is similar to the findings of previous studies in our environment.[20],[21] However, other studies reported hoarseness in younger age group.[22],[23] In this study, hoarseness was found to be the main symptom of the patients, most of them had hoarseness for < 6 months before presentation. This is similar to the findings of a study conducted in our environment where most of the patients presented within 6 months of the onset of hoarseness.[21] In contrast, another author reported that a large proportion of their patients had hoarseness for over 24 months before presentation.[23] This may be due to poor healthcare-seeking behaviour of their patients. This study showed that hoarseness was intermittent in 51.2% and persistent in 48.8% of the patients. Intermittent hoarseness is more in keeping with inflammatory causes, whereas persistent hoarseness is mainly seen in laryngeal tumours or laryngeal nerve palsy as described in the literature.[23] The clinical implication of this is that laryngoscopy is strongly indicated in all patients with persistent hoarseness in order to exclude serious laryngeal pathology.
The most common fibreoptic laryngoscopic finding (54.5%) in this study was nonspecific laryngitis (including vocal cord nodule). This is similar to the findings of Okeowo[24] in Lagos and Nwaorgu et al.[21] in Ibadan where nonspecific laryngitis (including vocal cord nodule) was the commonest cause of hoarseness in their series (62.8% and 55.6%, respectively). This implies that the pattern of aetiology of hoarseness has not changed significantly from the previous studies. The predisposing factors to nonspecific laryngitis such as upper respiratory tract infections and atmospheric pollution still remain prevalent in our environment. Acute laryngitis as a separate entity was found in 11.1% of patients with hoarseness in this study; this is similar to the findings of studies conducted in Nigeria[20],[25] and Nepal.[26] However, Coyle et al.[27] in the United States reported a lower percentage of laryngitis (2.4%) among the first group of patients they studied. The lower percentage of laryngitis in their study may be attributed to difference in weather conditions and probably lower rate of upper respiratory tract infections in their environment. Dusty Harmattan weather and a high rate of upper respiratory tract infections in our environment were some of the reasons behind a high rate of laryngitis pointed out by some authors.[24],[28] Vocal cord nodule as a separate entity was found in 11.1% of patients with hoarseness in this study. This is similar to the findings of Bogaardt et al. where vocal nodules/incomplete posterior commissure closure were reported in 11.9% of their patients.[29] Similarly, our findings are consistent with those of Coyle et al. where vocal cord nodule was found in 9.3% and 11% in the first and second group of patients with voice disorder, respectively.[27] Conversely, higher percentage (34.21%) of vocal cord nodule was reported in Nepal.[26] The higher rate of vocal cord nodule in their study may be due to the use of videostroboscopy in their study, which can detect even a small nodule that may not be seen with fibreoptic laryngoscopy.
In this study, vocal cord palsy was found in 5.6% of patients with hoarseness; this is similar to the findings of authors in Nigeria[23] and Nepal.[26] However, other workers reported lower rates of laryngeal nerve palsy among patients with hoarseness (3.4% and 1.9%).[21],[24] The lower rate of laryngeal nerve palsy in their study may be attributed to differences in the study population. For instance, one of the authors reported postthyroidectomy laryngeal nerve palsy,[24] which is only one of the several causes of laryngeal nerve paralysis.
Laryngeal tumour was found in 22.2% of patients with hoarseness in this study; this is similar to the findings of researchers in Nigeria who reported laryngeal tumours in 23.1% and 24.2% of patients with hoarseness.[20],[21] Similarly, another study in Nigeria reported a bit higher rate of laryngeal tumours (33.3%) among patients with hoarseness.[23] In contrast, other workers in developed countries reported lower proportion of laryngeal tumours among patients with hoarseness: Bogaardt et al.[29] in the Netherland found laryngeal tumour in 2.1% of their patients, whereas Coyle et al.[27] in the United States reported laryngeal tumour in 5.4% of the first group and 1.2% in the second group of patients with voice disorder. The lower proportion of laryngeal tumour in their studies may not be unrelated to disparities in knowledge and the application of cancer preventive measures, differences in social habits (smoking and alcohol consumption), or exposure to other risk factors of laryngeal tumours.
One of the limitations of this study was the failure to follow up the patients with laryngeal lesions so as to confirm the diagnosis histologically. We therefore recommend a longitudinal follow-up study on this topic. Notwithstanding, this study highlighted that not all patients with hoarseness have simple inflammatory disease; rather, a significant number of them have hidden laryngeal lesions that require early diagnosis and prompt treatment. Therefore, this study has further strengthened the importance of flexible laryngoscopy in the evaluation of patients with hoarseness.
| Conclusion | | |
Laryngeal tumour constituted a significant percentage of fibreoptic laryngoscopic findings in patients with hoarseness in this study. Therefore, it is recommended that all patients with hoarseness should have fibreoptic laryngoscopy in order to detect a sinister laryngeal lesion early.
Financial support and sponsorship
Nil.
Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts of interest.
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[Figure 1], [Figure 2]
[Table 1], [Table 2], [Table 3], [Table 4]
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